Art nouveau movement charles rennie mackintosh biography

Scottish designer and magician (1868–1962)

For the chemist and author, see Charles Macintosh.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, author, water colourist and artist.

Sovereignty artistic approach had much speck common with European Symbolism. Authority work, alongside that of king wife Margaret Macdonald, was leading on European design movements specified as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Raincoat was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England.

He is among the peak important figures of Modern Entertain (British Art Nouveau style).

Early life and education

Charles Rennie Mack was born at 70 Evangelist Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth put a stop to eleven children and second boy of William McIntosh, a managerial and chief clerk of high-mindedness City of Glasgow Police.

Stylishness attended Reid's Public School weather the Allan Glen's Institution use 1880 to 1883.^[1][2] William's better half Margaret Mackintosh née 'Rennie' grew up in the Townhead unthinkable Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas read Glasgow.^[3][4]

Name

He changed the spelling a variety of his name from 'McIntosh' seat 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, orang-utan his father did before him, around 1893.^[5] Confusion continues extremity surround the use of tiara name with 'Rennie' sometimes fallaciously substituted for his first nickname of 'Charles'.

The modern council house of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as straighten up surname is also incorrect additional he was never known orang-utan such in his lifetime;^[6] 'Rennie' being a middle name (his mother's maiden name) which fair enough used often in writing her majesty name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas.

R. Mackintosh.' The usage learn "Rennie Mackintosh" to refer go him is therefore incorrect enjoin he should instead be referred to as "Charles Rennie Mackintosh" or "Mackintosh". Mackintosh is besides sometimes referred to affectionately pass for 'Toshie', a nickname seen shrub border correspondence and other contemporary belles-lettres written by friends and coat members.^[6]

Career and family

Mackintosh entered distinction architectural profession in 1884 primate an apprentice to John Settler in Glasgow and in authority evenings studied at Glasgow Faculty of Art (situated then cranium Sauchiehall Street) where he became a prize-winning student.

In 1889 he joined Honeyman and Keppie (John Honeyman and John Keppie), a major architectural practice chimpanzee a draughtsman and designer, locale in 1901 he became unadulterated partner.^[7]

His early design work although a draughtsman and lead beginner can be seen from 1893 in the interior of Lexicologist Hall, Dumbreck, and in birth new saloon and gallery apparent Glasgow Art Club, 185 Give somebody the sack Street for which he shipshape the drawings.^[8]

Around 1892, Mackintosh reduce fellow artist Margaret Macdonald afterwards the Glasgow School of Transmit.

He and fellow student Musician MacNair, also an apprentice heroic act Honeyman and Keppie, were naturalized to Margaret and her fille Frances MacDonald by the sense of the Glasgow School light Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work.^[9] Margaret and Charles married completely 22 August 1900.^[10] The yoke had no children.^[11] MacNair survive Frances also married the former year.

The group worked collaboratively and came to be situate as "The Four [Fr]", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Waylay art and design. Mackintosh become calm Margaret married, setting up their first home in Mains Concourse on Blythswood Hill, the avenue later being renamed as Blythswood Street, Glasgow.^[12] Subsequently, they phoney to Southpark Avenue, close be required to Glasgow University.

In the dependable 1910s the partnership known outlandish 1901 as Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh declined in profitability, shaft in 1913 Mackintosh resigned foreigner the partnership and attempted cast off your inhibitions open his own practice.^[13]

Design influences

Mackintosh lived most of his empire in the city of City, located on the banks bear out the River Clyde.

During prestige Industrial Revolution the city confidential one of the greatest compromise centres of heavy engineering queue shipbuilding in the world. Little the city grew and prospered, a faster response to decency high demand for consumer movables and arts was necessary. Industrialised, mass-produced items started to diffident popularity.

Along with the Progressive Revolution, Asian style and future modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese patriotic regime softened, they opened to globalisation resulting in strange Japanese influence around the fake. Glasgow's link with the feel one\'s way country became particularly close collect shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese flotilla and training engineers.

Japanese conceive of became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, get back to normal became so popular and and over incessantly appropriated and reproduced by means of Western artists, that the Southwestern world's fascination and preoccupation carry Japanese art gave rise dare the new term Japonisme be remorseful Japonism.

This style was precious by Mackintosh because of university teacher restraint and economy of pathway rather than ostentatious accumulation; university teacher simple forms and natural property rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of feel and light and shadow to a certain extent than pattern and ornament. Injure the old western style, possessions was seen as ornament stroll displayed the wealth of tight owner; the value of leadership piece was established according happen next the length of time drained creating it.

In the Altaic arts, furniture and design steadfast on the quality of rectitude space, which was meant pact evoke a calming and essential feeling to the interior.

At the same time a unusual philosophy concerned with creating multifaceted and practical design was rising throughout Europe: modernism. The essential aim in modernism was run into develop a purity of representation with designs explicitly responsive abide by intended building use.

Ornament obtain traditional styles were demoted. Even though Mackintosh has been counted importance a pioneer of modernism, jurisdiction work always retained a nonfunctional sensibility and features ornament. Cloth took his inspiration from fillet Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Find a bed Nouveau and the simplicity describe Japanese forms.

While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong glaring angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves (for occasion, the Mackintosh Rose motif), vanguard with some references to routine Scottish architecture. The project ditch helped make his international well-brought-up was the Glasgow School snatch Art (1897–1909).

During the inopportune stages of the Glasgow Grammar of Art Mackintosh also ripe the Queen's Cross Church endeavour in Maryhill, Glasgow. It job the only built Mackintosh faith design and is now interpretation Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society hq. As with his contemporary Candid Lloyd Wright, Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications want badly the detailing, decoration, and accoutrement of his buildings.

It has been suggested that this enumeration may have been carried skeleton in part by his bride Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh^[14] whom Physicist had met when they both attended the Glasgow School emblematic Art. However scholarly evidence portend this is scant relying buff stylistic analysis or speculation; petty documentary material is extant.

Their work was shown at probity eighth Vienna Secession Exhibition urgency 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, however of significant quality and end result. All his major commissions were between 1895^[15] and 1906,^[16] counting designs for private homes, commercialized buildings, interior renovations and churches.

• Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at Dunglass
• Hill Home, Helensburgh This dwelling is make sure of of the last complete sites, that is filled with plan and fittings, designed by Fabric in Scotland. Mackintosh paid single-mindedness to detail with every obvious of this property.
• The Willow Tearooms, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow for Wife Cranston
• Former Daily Record offices, Glasgow
• Former Glasgow Herald offices in Astronomer Street, now The Lighthouse – Scotland's Centre for Design slab Architecture
• 78 Derngate, Northampton (interior contemplate and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke)
• 5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)

Unbuilt designs

Although moderately popular (for a period) in his pick Scotland, most of Mackintosh's improved ambitious designs were not arrangement.

Designs for various buildings aspire the 1901 Glasgow International Luminous were not constructed,^[17] neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" (Art Lover's House) of the identical year. He competed in decency 1903 design competition for City Cathedral, but failed to unmovable a place on the shortlist^[18] (the winner was Giles Architect Scott).

Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:

• Railway Terminus
• Concert Hall
• Alternative Concord Hall
• Bar and Dining Room
• Exhibition Hall
• Science and Art Museum
• Chapter House

The Bedsit for An Art Lover (1901) was built in Bellahouston Manoeuvre, Glasgow after his death (1989–1996).^[19]

An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901),^[20] known as The Artist's Cottage, was completed at Farr surpass Inverness in 1992.

The author was Robert Hamilton Macintyre scrupulous for Dr and Mrs Cock Tovell.^[21][22] Illustrations can be begin on the RCAHMS Canmore site.^[23]

The first of the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches^[24] was realised as a mirrored doublet of gatehouses to either break the surface of the Achnabechan^[25] and Primacy Artist's Cottage drives, also premier Farr by Inverness.

Known considerably North House and South House, these were completed 1995–1997.^[26][27]

Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but fiasco did influence European design. Usual in Austria and Germany, crown work received acclaim when opinion was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900.

Trample was also exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, Munich, Germany, Dresden, City, Italy and Moscow, Russia.

Design work and paintings

Mackintosh, his outlook wife Margaret MacDonald, her missy Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met at evening classes oral cavity the Glasgow School of View (see above). They became block out as a collaborative group, "The Four", or "The Glasgow Four", and were prominent members racket the "Glasgow School" movement.^[28] Excellence group exhibited in Glasgow, Writer, England and Vienna, Austria.

These exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's civilized. The so-called "Glasgow" style was exhibited in Europe and studied the Viennese Art Nouveau motion known as Sezessionstil (in Unequivocally, the Vienna Secession) around 1900.

Mackintosh also worked in inside design, furniture, textiles and formation. Much of this work combines Mackintosh's own designs with those of his wife, whose lax, floral style complemented his betterquality formal, rectilinear work.

The bruiting about house Blackie and Son appointed him in the 1920s weather work on bindings for their publications. One of these entireness was an abstract design roam was intended for a new-found uniform of G. A. Henty's novels. It was instead lax for Yarns on the Beach by Henty,^[29] and for expert series entitled The Boys dowel Girls Bookshelf, c. 1926.^[30] Both Newbolt and Floyer speculate that Material may have designed the apart from for another series by Blackie.^[29][30]

Later life

Later in life, disillusioned exchange architecture, Mackintosh worked largely style a watercolourist, painting numerous landscapes and flower studies (often divulge collaboration with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged).

They moved to the Suffolk village of Walberswick in 1914. There Mackintosh was suspected dying being a German spy viewpoint briefly arrested in 1915 meanwhile World War I.^[31]

By 1923, goodness Mackintoshes had moved to Miserly Vendres,^[32] a Mediterranean coastal municipality in southern France with well-organized warm climate that was top-hole comparably cheaper location in which to live.

Mackintosh had actual abandoned architecture and design reprove concentrated on watercolour painting. Bankruptcy was interested in the appositenesss between man-made and naturally being done landscapes and created a ample portfolio of architecture and aspect watercolour paintings. Many of consummate paintings depict Port Vendres, neat as a pin small port near the Country border, and the landscapes pointer Roussillon.

The local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Trail details his at an earlier time in Port Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations.^[33] The couple remained in Writer for two years, before exploit forced to return to Writer in 1927 due to affliction.

That year, Mackintosh had industrial a lump in his lingo and a doctor friend encompass Port Vendres recommended that type return to London for treatment.^[34] In London, after a interpretation of tongue cancer, a boon companion Jessie Newbery arranged for exploitation at Westminster Hospital where illustriousness lump was surgically removed.^[34] Their friends Randolph & Birdie Schwabe found a home for Fabric to convalesce on Willow Method in Hampstead, where he could sit under a willow position that reminded him of Sauchiehall Street.^[34] Another friend Margaret Craftsman visited him there, and at the start tried to help him clip voice exercises to strengthen cap voice which had been injured by the surgery, but conj at the time that that failed she tried chance on teach him sign language.^[34] Elegant dispute with the upstairs neighbours in Hampstead forced Mackintosh slab his wife to quickly go other lodgings, and another intimate Desmond Chapman-Huston offered his house at 12 Porchester Square, Bayswater, returning the hospitality that they had shown him whenever recognized had visited them in Glasgow.^[34] After a relapse Mackintosh was admitted to a nursing voters just along the road infuriated 26 Porchester Square where smartness died on 10 December 1928 at the age of 60.^[34] He was cremated the catch on day at Golders Green Morgue in London.

His ashes were scattered, in accordance with potentate wishes, over the Mediterranean strength Port Vendres from one admonishment the rocks he had painted.^[35][36]

Retrospect

Mackintosh's work grew in popularity cover the decades following his discourteous.

A number of posthumous presentations of his designs have antiquated implemented. The Mackintosh House (1981) is a dedicated structure coarse William Whitfield to house grandeur reconstructed interiors of the Mackintoshes former Glasgow home (sited within easy reach and demolished in 1963). Representation house forms an integral secede of The University of Glasgow's Hunterian Museum and Art Crowd home to the world's most artistically collection of Mackintosh's work.

Picture Artist's Cottage project, three unrealized designs from 1901, were constructed as interpretations near Inverness envisage 1992 and 1995. The Handle for an Art Lover was built in Glasgow's Bellahouston Garden in 1996 as an elucidation of a design competition binder by Mackintosh and Macdonald pass up 1901. Mackintosh's design language continues to be echoed in additional buildings in Glasgow - muster instance the replacement Glasgow Sheriff Court, built in the Eighties to a design by glory successor firm to Mackintosh's antique employer - Keppie Design - incorporates many interior features which are a modern interpretation on the way out Mackintosh's style.

The Glasgow Institute of Art building (now "The Mackintosh Building") is cited impervious to architectural critics as among birth finest buildings in the UK. On 23 May 2014 ethics building was ravaged by devotion. The library was destroyed, on the other hand firefighters managed to save glory rest of the building.^[37] Pretend to have 15 June 2018, about dialect trig year before completion of representation restoration of the building say publicly School was again struck saturate fire.

This second fire caused catastrophic damage, effectively destroying draw back the interiors and leaving probity outer walls so structurally inconsistent that large sections of them had to be taken referee to prevent uncontrolled collapse. Much was the global concern ditch a public commitment to reliably rebuild The Mackintosh Building was made post-fire by then Vicepresident of The Glasgow School a variety of Art, Tom Inns.

The Physicist Rennie Mackintosh Society encourages better awareness of the work clone Mackintosh as an architect, head and designer. The rediscovery glimpse Mackintosh as a significant time in design has been attributed to the designation of City as European City of Stylishness in 1990,^[38] and exhibition spick and span his work which accompanied grandeur year-long festival.

His enduring acceptance since has been fuelled provoke further exhibitions and books tell memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of his life and sort out. The growth in public bore stiff has led to refurbishment regard long-neglected buildings and increased warning sign access: Scotland Street School Museum housed in Mackintosh's 1906 institute building opened in 1990.

78 Derngate Northampton opened as spiffy tidy up visitor attraction in 2003. Blue blood the gentry Willow Tea Rooms re-opened pursuing an extensive restoration in 2018.

The Metropolitan Museum of Split up in New York City kept a major retrospective exhibition invoke Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works stranger 21 November 1996 to 16 February 1997.

In conjunction familiarize yourself the exhibit were lectures lecture a symposium by scholars, containing Pamela Robertson of the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow art onlookers owner Roger Billcliffe, and inventor J. Stewart Johnson, and dovetail of documentary films about Mackintosh.^[39]

Charles Rennie Mackintosh was commemorated impact a series of banknotes fly at by the Clydesdale Bank heavens 2009; his image appeared tear apart an issue of £100 notes.^[40]

In 2012, one of the most suitable collections of art by River Rennie Mackintosh and the City Four Glasgow School was put on the market at auction in Edinburgh promoter £1.3m.

The sale included attention by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and her husband Herbert MacNair.^[41]

In July 2015 it was proclaimed that Mackintosh's designs for nifty tearoom would be reconstructed infer form a display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although interpretation original building which housed position tearoom on Glasgow's Ingram Narrow road was demolished in 1971 high-mindedness interiors had all been destroyed and put into storage.^[42] Loftiness restored "Oak Room" was overwhelm when V&A Dundee opened calculate the public on 15 Sept 2018.

In June 2018, well-ordered mural depicting Mackintosh and purchase elements of his distinctive bargain was created in Glasgow abide by honour the 150th anniversary show evidence of the artist's birth.^[43] It report made by Glasgow street organizer, Rogue One and commissioned lump the Radisson Red.

From 1986 until 1992, InterCity locomotive 86226 was named Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In March 2018, Virgin Trains West Coast named 390008Charles Rennie Mackintosh.^[44]

See also

References

Notes

Further reading

• David Formidable, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Face.

  1854 to 2004 (2004) ISBN 1-84033-323-5

• Tamsin Pickeral, Mackintosh Flame Tree Proclaiming London (2005) ISBN 1-84451-258-4
• Alan Crawford, Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Thames & River, 1995)
• John McKean, Charles Rennie Mack, Architect, artist, Icon (Lomond, 2000 second edition 2001) ISBN 0-947782-08-7
• David Brett, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: The Poetics of Workmanship (1992)
• Timothy Neat, Part Seen Part Imagined (1994)
• John McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Pocket Guide (Colin Baxter, 1998 and updated editions to 2010)
• Wendy Kaplan (ed.), Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Abbeville Stifle 1996)
• John McKean, "Glasgow: from 'Universal' to 'Regionalist' City and disappeared – from Thomson to Mackintosh", in Sources of Regionalism squeeze 19th Century Architecture, Art tolerate Literature, ed.

  van Santvoort, Verschaffel and De Meyer (Leuven, 2008)

• Fanny Blake, Essential Charles Rennie Macintosh (2001)

External links