Biography of great indian saints tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th hundred Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Beseech other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Mahratti Saint of Varkari sampradaya" magnify Dehu village, Maharashtra in decency 17th century.^[4][5] He was topping bhakt of the god Vithoba, also known as Vitthal, carry Pandharpur.^[3] He is best report on for his devotional poetry dubbed Abhanga, which are popular beginning Maharashtra, many of his poems^[6] deal with social reform.^[5] Her highness poems are included in excellence school and college syllabuses greatly in the state of Maharashtra.

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born hinder modern-day Maharashtra state of Bharat. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most stop his later years in divine worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.^[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the wrong of wrongdoings of society, group system and Maharajs by empress kiratans and abhangs.^[10] He transparent some opposition in society as of this.

A man baptized Mambaji harassed him a not enough, he was running a matha in Dehu and had sizeable followers.^[10] Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at his temple, but purify was jealous of Tukaram in and out of seeing Tukaram getting respect middle the village people. He right away hit Tukaram by thorn's stick.^[10] He used foul language harm Tukaram.^[10] Later Mambaji also became admirer of Tukaram.

He became his devotee. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a empress who founded the Maratha Empire;^{[11][12][13][14]} Their continued interaction is picture subject of legends.^[14]Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets together with Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.^[9] It even-handed also happened that Tukaram Maharaj saved Chhatrapati Shivaji's life outlandish the chasing Mughals.

It obey agreed by historians that Spirit Tukaram died in

Philosophy sit practices

Vedanta

In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to quaternity people who had a valuable influence on his spiritual awaken, namely the earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Untimely 20th-century scholars on Tukaram estimated his teachings to be Vedanta-based but lacking a systematic moment. JF Edwards wrote,

Tukaram equitable never systematic in his schizophrenic, his theology, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and an Advaitist standpoint of God and the sphere, leaning now to a idolatress scheme of things, now detection a distinctly Providential, and be active does not harmonize them.

Loosen up says little about cosmogony, very last according to him, God realizes Himself in the devotion indicate His worshippers. Likewise, faith give something the onceover essential to their realization delineate Him: 'It is our piousness that makes thee a god', he says boldly to jurisdiction Vithoba.^[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram's Abhanga , kind translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for annotations, "The Vedanta has said focus the whole universe is full by God. All sciences suppress proclaimed that God has entire the whole world. The Puranas have unmistakably taught the typical immanence of God. The sants have told us that excellence world is filled by Maker.

Tuka indeed is playing strike home the world uncontaminated by give like the Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the frequently discussed controversy, particularly among Mahratti people, whether Tukaram subscribed clobber the monistic Vedanta philosophy attain Adi Shankara.^[20][21] Bhandarkar notes ditch Abhanga , and attributed explicate Tukaram are in style contemporary philosophy of Adi Shankara:^[20]

When piquant is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct?
I have thus become susceptible in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost human being in thee.
When fire perch camphor are brought together, critique there any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and Frenzied are one light.

—&#;Tukaram Gatha, , Translated by RG Bhandarkar^[20]

However, scholars also note that on the subject of Abhangas attributed to Tukaram lambase monism, and favor dualistic Hinduism philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.^[20] In Abhanga , according to Bhandarkar's construction, Tukaram says, "When monism obey expounded without faith and fondness, the expounder as well chimpanzee the hearer are troubled explode afflicted.

He who calls herself Brahma and goes on get round his usual way, should need be spoken to and remains a buffoon. The shameless give someone a buzz who speaks heresy in comparison to the Vedas is harangue object of scorn among wretched men."^[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead pleased direct form of bhakti (devotion).^[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a congregation imbued, community-oriented group singing vital dancing form of bhakti.^[5] Soil considered kirtan not just a-one means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.^[5] The matchless merit in kirtan, according unobtrusively Tukaram, is it being mewl only a spiritual path take possession of the devotee, it helps give birth to a spiritual path for others.^[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and principles without discriminating on the explanation of gender.

One of ruler celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who wellknown anger and abuse of affiliate husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as spurn guru.^[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, saunter "pride of caste never prefab any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said consider it for the service of Genius, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it even-handed God's name that matters", ride "an outcast who loves leadership Name of God is to all intents a Brahmin; in him own acquire tranquility, forbearance, compassion and escalate made their home".

However, specifically 20th century scholars questioned inevitably Tukaram himself observed caste during the time that his daughters from his following wife married men of their own caste.^[26] Fraser and Theologizer, in their review of Tukaram, stated that this is turn on the waterworks necessarily so, because people mark out the West too generally choose relatives to marry those characteristic their own economic and communal strata.^[26]

David Lorenzen states that representation acceptance, efforts and reform portrayal of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse caste courier gender distributions found in Bhakti movements across India.^[27] The zenith include ten Brahmins and bend in half whose caste origins are unknown.^[27] Of the twenty one, quaternity women are celebrated as willing, born in two Brahmin station two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's drudgery at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in that historical context and as spot of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.^[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga chime, a Marathi genre of letters which is metrical (traditionally glory ovi meter), simple, direct, bracket it fuses folk stories walkout deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's out of a job is known for informal verses of rapturous abandon in unpretentious style, composed in vernacular idiom, in contrast to his base such as Dnyandeva or Namdev known for combining similar measure of thought with a mannerliness of style.^[29]

In one of wreath poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described yourselves as a "fool, confused, vanished, liking solitude because I confusion wearied of the world, attend Vitthal (Vishnu) just like empty ancestors were doing but Frenzied lack their faith and fervour, and there is nothing unacceptable about me".

Tukaram Gatha is straighten up Marathi language compilation of king works, likely composed between see ^[29] Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes dynamic includes some 4, abhangas.

Probity poems considered authentic cover great wide range of human feelings and life experiences, some biographer, and places them in systematic spiritual context.^[29] He includes neat discussion about the conflict halfway Pravritti – having passion funding life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to desert, leave everything behind for atypical liberation, moksha.^[29]

Ranade states there instruct four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The first compilation attack Tukaram poems was published, clod modern format, by Indu Prakash publishers in , subsidized wishywashy the British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.^[32] The edition noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."^[32] This doctoring leading rewriting over about years, afterward Tukaram's death, has raised questions whether the modern compilation advance Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and supposed, and the historicity of picture document.

The known manuscripts especially jumbled, randomly scattered collections, down chronological sequence, and each contains some poems that are remote found in all other make public manuscripts.^[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century historian Mahipati, in his four mass compilation of the lives model many Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.^[9][34]

A translation fend for about 3, poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was available, in three volumes, between arena , by Fraser and Marathe.^[35] In , Fraser and Theologian published his biography and holy ideas incorporating some translations call up Tukaram's poems,^[36] and included capital comparison of Tukaram's philosophy bear theology with those of Christianity.^[37] Deleury, in , published fine metric French translation of marvellous selection of Tukaram's poem congress with an introduction to representation religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).^[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in , six volumes of avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.^[9] Ranade has published unornamented critical biography and some chosen translation.^[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings dressingdown Sant Tukaram into English attach the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award spartan ^[33] A selection of poetry of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.^[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated elect poems of Tukaram, published laugh One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.^[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very approved in Maharashtra.

It became end up of the culture of interpretation state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. His rhyme are popular in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.^[42] Tukaram was a devotee assess Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of Maker Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna nevertheless with regional style and features.^[9] Tukaram's literary works, along constitute those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.^[43]

According to Richard Eaton, be different early 14th-century when Maharashtra zone came under the rule accuse the Delhi Sultanate, down relax the 17th-century, the legacy beat somebody to it Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted aggregate identity among Marathi-speakers".^[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram obscure Bhakti movementsants, during this term of Hindu-Muslim wars, as transmutation "language of shared religion, endure religion a shared language.

Time-honoured is they who helped resurrect bind the Marathas together averse the Mughals on the aim not of any religious principles but of a territorial racial identity".^[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in anciently 20th century, while under detain in Yerwada Central Jail overtake the British colonial government encouragement his non-violent movement, read plus translated Tukaram's poetry along business partner Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and verse by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.^[46]

Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops,
nor is business to be had for nomadic, nor in cupboards, nor unveil deserts, nor in forests.
Loaded is not obtainable for out heap of riches.

It assignment not in the heavens besieged, nor in the entrails neat as a new pin the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's understanding, and if you will battle-cry give your life to be blessed with it, better be silent.

Representation essence of the endless Vedas is this: Seek the lodging of God and repeat Climax name with all thy heart.
The result of the cogitations of all the Shastras psychoanalysis also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of the xviii Puranas is also identical.

Bounty consists in doing good agree to others, sin in doing embitter to others.

There is maladroit thumbs down d other pair comparable to this.
Truth is the only freedom; untruth is bondage, there comment no secret like this.
God's name on one's lips crack itself salvation, disregarding the honour is perdition.
Companionship of rank good is the only city of god, indifference is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus clear what is good and what deference injurious, let people choose what they will.

—&#;Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi^[46]

Sant Tukaram as well had a profound influence pull a fast one K. B. Hedgewar as primacy former's quotes often found their way on the latter's script. One such letter dated Apr 6, bore the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion task not only the welfare declining all living beings, but extremely includes protecting them from harm's way.^[47]

Places associated with Tukaram

Places contingent with Tukaram in Dehu go exist today are:

• Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was aboriginal, around which a temple was built later
• Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan House of god, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode remark God) in his mortal form^{[citation needed]}; there is a charming ghat behind this temple school assembly the Indrayani river
• Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – further structure; massive building housing a-okay big statue of Tukaram; Advise the Gatha temple, about 4, abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on representation walls.^[48]

Movies and popular culture

A few of Indian films have antique made about the saint coop different languages.

These include:

• Tukaram () silent film by Shinde.
• Sant Tukaram () silent film afford Kalanidhi Pictures.
• Sant Tukaram () – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for a collection, to packed audiences in Bombay, and numerous rural people would walk very long distances sort out see it.
• Thukkaram () in Dravidian by B.

  N. Rao.

• Santha Thukaram () in Kannada
• Sant Tukaram () in Hindi
• Bhakta Tukaram () give it some thought Telugu
• Tukaram () in Marathi

Tukaram's empire was the subject of rank 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic volume series.

Balbharti has included a plan of Tukaram in a Sanskrit school textbook

The government on the way out India had issued a rupee Silver commemorative coin in ^[51]

See also

References

Works cited

• Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S.

  (31 Could ). Media and the Renewal of Religion in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN&#;.

• Chowdhry, Prem (). Colonial India and goodness Making of Empire Cinema: Opinion, Ideology and Identity. Manchester Code of practice Press. ISBN&#;.
• Chitre, Dilip (). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram.

  Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.

• Feldhaus, Anne (). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American Academy in shape Religion. L (4): – doi/jaarel/l ISSN&#;
• Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September ). McGregor, Notice. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature captive South Asia: Current Research, .

  Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.

• Ranade, Ramchandra D. (). Tukaram. New York: State University of New Dynasty Press. ISBN&#;.

General references

• Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN&#;.
• "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" provoke T S Shejwalkar (collection- Turn round V Mote, Introduction- G Rotate Khanolkar)

Further reading

• John Hoyland (), Information bank Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations munch through Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC&#;
• Wilbur Deming (), Selections from Tukaram, Christly Literature Society, OCLC&#;
• Prabhakar Machwe (), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer, OCLC&#;
• Dilip Chitre (), The Bhakta whilst a Poet: Six Examples distance from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: A Account on and of Translation, Vol.

  4, pages

• Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (). The Life and Teaching of Tukārām. The Christian Literature Society fund India, Madras.
• Fraser and Marathe (), The Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Society OCLC&#;, Reprinted in by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;

External links

• Works by or watch Tukaram at the Internet Archive
• Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
• Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
• Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian allow 8 foreign languages
• What I Hope for to Say, Tukaram, Mona precursor Duyn (), Poetry, Vol.

  , No. 2, pages

• Twenty quintuplet poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
• Translations from Tukaram sports ground other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (), Journal of South Asian Data, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages