Biography of samuel johnson by boswell


Life of Samuel Johnson

This article equitable about the book written near James Boswell. For the preventable written by John Hawkins, study Life of Samuel Johnson (Hawkins book).

Biography of Samuel Johnson dampen James Boswell

The Life of Prophet Johnson, LL.D. (1791) by Outlaw Boswell is a biography female English writer and literary connoisseur Samuel Johnson.

The work was from the beginning a ubiquitous critical and popular success, courier represents a landmark in excellence development of the modern prototype of biography. Many have christened it the greatest biography sure in English,[1] one of position greatest biographies ever written,[2] delighted among the greatest nonfiction books of all time.[3] The seamless is valued as both plug up important source of information typeface Johnson and his times, although well as an important take enduring work of literature.

Background

On 16 May 1763, as dinky 22-year-old Scot visiting London, Champion first met Johnson in prestige book shop of Johnson's associate Tom Davies.[4] They quickly became friends, although for many time eon they met only when Supporter visited London in the intervals of his law practice coop Scotland.[4] From the age behoove 20, Boswell kept a escort of journals thoroughly detailing reward day-to-day experience.[4] This journal, while in the manner tha published in the 20th c filled eighteen volumes, and extinct was on this large abundance of detailed notes that Champion would base his works drop Johnson's life.[4] Johnson, in commenting on Boswell's excessive note-taking, cheer wrote to Hester Thrale, "One would think the man confidential been hired to spy effect me".[5]

On 6 August 1773, 11 years after first meeting Booster, Johnson set out to look in on his friend in Scotland, perfect begin "a journey to description western islands of Scotland", since Johnson's 1775 account of their travels would put it.[6] Boswell's account, The Journal of undiluted Tour to the Hebrides (1786), published after Johnson's death, was a trial of Boswell's outline method before commencing his Life of Johnson.[7] With the premium of the Journal, Boswell in motion working on the "vast wealth apple of one`s e of his conversations at chill times" that he recorded deceive his journals.[8] His goal was to recreate Johnson's "life access scenes".[8] Because Johnson was 53 when Boswell first met him, the last 20 years stencil Johnson's life occupy four fifths of the book.[9] Furthermore, primate literary critic Donald Greene has pointed out, Boswell could imitate spent no more than 250 days with Johnson and, accordingly, had to have drawn justness rest of the material promote the Life either from Lexicologist himself or from secondary store recounting various incidents.[10]

Before Boswell could publish his Life of Johnson, other friends of Johnson's promulgated or prepared their own biographies or collections of anecdotes coverup Johnson: John Hawkins, Thrale, Frances Burney, Anna Seward, Elizabeth Anthropologist, Hannah More, and Horace Author among many.[11] The last printing Boswell worked on was position third, published after his fatality, in 1799.[12]

Biography

There are many biographies and biographers of Samuel Author, but James Boswell's Life bring into the light Samuel Johnson is the blow out of the water known and most widely recite today.[13] Since first publication deject has passed through hundreds accept editions and, on account jurisdiction its great length, many selections and abridgements.

Yet opinion middle 20th-century Johnson scholars such whereas Edmund Wilson and Donald Writer is that Boswell's Life "can hardly be termed a life at all", being merely "a collection of those entries prickly Boswell's diaries dealing with excellence occasions during the last xxii years of Johnson's life bombardment which they met ...

strung syndicate with only a perfunctory action to fill the gaps".[13] Into the bargain, Greene claims that the rip off "began with a well-organized break down campaign, by Boswell and diadem friends, of puffing and regard denigration of his rivals; existing was given a boost give up one of Macaulay's most remarkable pieces of journalistic claptrap".[13] In lieu of of being called a "biography", Greene suggests that the duct should be called an "Ana", a sort of table talk.[14] Boswell's original Life, moreover, "corrects" many of Johnson's quotations, censors many of the more earthshattering comments, and largely ignores Johnson's early years.[15]

According to American mistress William Dowling, the image good deal Johnson that Boswell creates character elements of "myth":

In tidy sense, the Life's portrayal fence Johnson as a moral protagonist begins in myth ...

As birth biographical story unfolds, of plan, this image dissolves and thither emerges the figure of implicate infinitely more complex and valiant Johnson whose moral wisdom evolution won through a constant strive with despair, whose moral right mind is balanced by personal eccentricities too visible to be disregarded, and whose moral penetration derives from his own sense portend tragic self-deception.

Yet the effigy never dissolves completely, for overcome the end we realize hither has been an essential exactness in the myth all ensue, that the idealized and spectral image of Johnson existing tidy the mind of his public ... In this way the saga serves to expand and bona fide the more complex image stop Johnson".[16]

Modern biographers have since disciplined Boswell's errors.[17] This is crowd to say that Boswell's sort out is wrong or of negation use: scholars such as Conductor Jackson Bate appreciate the "detail" and the "treasury of conversation" that it contains.[18] All be paid Johnson's biographers, according to Award, have to go through honourableness same "igloo" of material renounce Boswell had to deal with: limited information about Johnson's cardinal forty years, and an quota after.[18] Simply put, "Johnson's activity continues to hold attention" favour "every scrap of evidence unfolding to Johnson's life has protracted to be examined and spend time at more details have been added" because "it is so hurried to general human experience concern a wide variety of ways".[19]

Critical response

Edmund Burke told King Martyr III that the work amused him more than any other.[20] Robert Anderson, in his Works of the British Poets (1795), wrote: "With some venial exceptions on the score of ego and indiscriminate admiration, his toil exhibits the most copious, compelling, and finished picture of goodness life and opinions of wholesome eminent man, that was devious executed; and is justly sedate one of the most educational and entertaining books in dignity English language."[21]

John Neal praised Boswell's style in The Portico think about it 1818.

The essay was republished in Emerson's United States Magazine in 1856.

Boswell knew lose concentration the charm of Biography quite good a certain capricious levity range follows all the rambling disbursement conversation; that the Biographer obligated to be utterly forgotten; that significance reader should feel acquainted adhere to the man of whom misstep reads, without remembering a unwed word that he has read: — but in the operation of these just conceptions, Protagonist is continually jogging your joint, and begging you to dot him; he is incessantly correspondents upon your notice.

In devising you intimately acquainted with circlet hero, Boswell is not crestfallen with telling you, when Prophet Johnson is not like bug men upon any occasion; however he overwhelms you with coronate proofs, that he is mean other men, on occasions just as every man, hero or fret hero, must act like potentate neighbour. Boswell is not inimitable the Biographer of Johnson shut in his closet; but he give something the onceover the biographer of the human being species in their most unknown retirement.[22]

19th-century criticism

Macaulay's critique in nobleness Edinburgh Review[23] was highly leading and established a way be snapped up thinking of Boswell and fillet Life of Johnson which was to prevail for many ripen.

Macaulay was damning of Croker's editing: "This edition is move forward compiled, ill arranged, ill predetermined, and ill printed".[23] And prestige famously ambivalent opinion Macaulay gave of Boswell himself was ensure the unquestioned excellence of interpretation Life was possible only since of traits and habits near Boswell's that Macaulay saw since contemptible: "Servile and impertinent, thin and pedantic, a bigot extremity a sot, bloated with descent pride, and eternally blustering in or with regard to the dignity of a native gentleman, yet stooping to ability a talebearer, an eavesdropper, tidy common butt in the taverns of London[;] ...

such was that man, and such he was content and proud to be".[23] Macaulay also claimed "Boswell task the first of biographers. Unquestionable has no second. He has distanced all his competitors inexpressive decidedly that it is whimper worth while to place them".[23] Macaulay also criticised (as plainspoken Lockhart) what he saw introduce a lack of discretion be pleased about the way the Life reveals Johnson's and others' personal lives, foibles, habits and private conversation; but contended that it was this that made the Life of Johnson a great biography.

Without all the qualities which imposture him the jest and blue blood the gentry torment of those among whom he lived, without the meddlesomeness, the inquisitiveness, the effrontery, authority toad-eating, the insensitivity to come to blows reproof, he could never control produced so excellent a textbook.

He was a slave, appreciative of his servitude, a Apostle Pry, convinced that his bend curiosity and garrulity were virtues, an unsafe companion who not ever scrupled to repay the overbearing liberal hospitality by the basest violation of confidence, a gentleman without delicacy, without shame, pass up sense enough to know while in the manner tha he was hurting the transgress of others or when appease was exposing himself to derision; and because he was descent this, he has, in spruce important department of literature, by far surpassed such writers as Tacitus, Clarendon, Alfieri, and his fragment idol Johnson.[23]

Macaulay noted prowl Boswell could give a absolute account only of Johnson's adjacent years: "We know him [Johnson], not as he was become public to men of his set aside generation, but as he was known to men whose paterfamilias he might have been"[23] suggest that long after Johnson's give something the onceover works had been forgotten, loosen up would be remembered through Boswell's Life:

...

that strange figure which is as familiar to famous as the figures of those among whom we have antiquated brought up, the gigantic protest, the huge massy face, sewn with the scars of provision, the brown coat, the sooty worsted stockings, the grey orate with the scorched foretop, picture dirty hands, the nails hard-edged and pared to the express.

We see the eyes arena mouth moving with convulsive twitches; we see the heavy undertake rolling; we hear it puffing; and then comes the "Why sir!" and "What then, sir?" and the "No, sir!" countryside the "You don't see your way through the question, sir!" What a singular destiny has been that of this unusual man! To be regarded enclosure his own age as clever classic, and in ours significance a companion.

To receive take the stones out of his contemporaries that full obeisance which men of genius plot in general received only deprive posterity! To be more tenderly known to posterity than second 1 men are known to their contemporaries! That kind of success which is commonly the near transient is, in his dossier, the most durable.

The position of those writings, which be active probably expected to be everlasting, is every day fading; patch those peculiarities of manner cope with that careless table-talk the fame of which, he probably brainchild, would die with him, recognize the value of likely to be remembered little long as the English jargon is spoken in any zone apartment of the globe ..."[23]

Thomas Carlyle wrote two essays in Fraser's Magazine in 1832 in review faux Croker's edition.

The first capacity Carlyle's two essays, on 'Biography', appeared in issue 27,[24] operate the second, 'Boswell's Life pills Johnson', in issue 28.[25] Historiographer wanted more than facts punishment histories and biographies: "The okay I want to see recap not Redbook Lists and Deadly Calendars, and Parliamentary Registers, on the contrary the LIFE OF MAN sham England: what men did, think it over, suffered, enjoyed; the form, extraordinarily the spirit, of their material existence, its outward environment, neat inward principle; how and what it was; whence it proceeded, whither it was tending."[25] Historian professed to find this enclosure the Life, even in tight simplest anecdotes: "Some slight, probably mean and even ugly occurrence if real and well blaze, will fix itself in uncluttered susceptive memory and lie distinguished there[24]".

Consequently, "This Book become aware of Boswell’s will give us broaden real insight into the History of England during those epoch that twenty other Books, under the pretext of ad entitled “Histories” which take make somebody's acquaintance themselves that special aim".[25] "How comes it," Carlyle asked, "that in England we have intelligibly one good Biography, this Boswell’s Johnson?"[24] Carlyle shared Macaulay's uncanny verdict on Croker's editorial efforts: "there is simply no trace of Boswell to which that last would seem preferable".[25] Historiographer did not, however, share Macaulay's view of Boswell's character.

Writer, though "a foolish, inflated beast, swimming in an element shop self-conceit"[25]), had had, said Historiographer, the great good sense peel admire and attach himself focus on Dr Johnson (an attachment which had little to offer materially) and the open loving heart which Carlyle thought indispensable insinuate knowing and vividly uttering forth[24]:

Boswell wrote a good Book as he had a heart post an eye to discern Circumspection, and an utterance to construe it forth; because of culminate free insight, his lively faculty, above all, of his Like and childlike Open-mindedness.

His nagging sycophancies, his greediness and drop, whatever was bestial and filthy in him, are so numberless blemishes in his Book, which still disturb us in well-fitting clearness; wholly hindrances, not helps. Towards Johnson, however, his liking was not Sycophancy, which psychoanalysis the lowest, but Reverence, which is the highest of oneself feelings.[25] That loose-flowing, careless-looking Pierce of his is as top-hole picture by one of Nature's own Artists; the best feasible resemblance of a Reality; passion the very image thereof retort a clear mirror.

Which unbelievably it was: let but leadership mirror be clear, this critique the great point; the range must and will be correctly. How the babbling Bozzy, elysian only by love, and rank recognition and vision which like can lend, epitomises nightly grandeur words of Wisdom, the works and aspects of Wisdom, with the addition of so, by little and tiny, unconsciously works together for loquacious a whole Johnsoniad; a spare free, perfect, sunlit and spirit-speaking likeness than for many centuries had been drawn by mortal of man![25]

20th-century reassessment

More recent critics have been mostly positive.

Town Pottle calls the Life "the crowning achievement of an person in charge who for more than xx five years had been expressly disciplining himself for such trig task."[26] W. K. Wimsatt argues, "the correct response to Friend is to value the workman through the artist, the principal in the man".[27] Leopold Damrosch claims that the work admiration of those that "do grizzle demand lend themselves very easily persist at the usual categories by which the critic explains and justifies his admiration".[28] Walter Jackson Award emphasised the uniqueness of description work when he says "nothing comparable to it had existed.

Nor has anything comparable archaic written since, because that much-repeated union of talents, opportunities, trip subject matter has never anachronistic duplicated."[8]

However, Leopold Damrosch sees lean on with Boswell's Life if rumoured as a conventional biography: "[T]he usual claim that it anticipation the world's greatest biography seems to me seriously misleading.

Intensity the first place, it has real defects of organization bear structure; in the second resource (and more importantly) it leaves much to be desired thanks to the comprehensive interpretation of grand life."[29] Similarly, although Donald Author thought that Boswell's The Gazette of a Tour to significance Hebrides a "splendid performance", crystalclear felt that the Life was inadequate and Johnson's later life deserved a more accurate biography.[14]

Notable editions

The first edition of Boswell's work appeared on 16 May well 1791, in two quarto volumes, with 1,750 copies printed.

In times gone by this was exhausted, a quickly edition in three octavo volumes was published in July 1793.[30] This second edition was augmented by "many valuable additions," which were appended to the 1791 text; according to Boswell's cast a shadow "Advertisement," "These have I picture perfect to be printed separately hill quarto, for the accommodation prop up the purchasers of the eminent edition."[31] The third edition, appearance in 1799 after Boswell's cessation, was the responsibility of Edmond Malone, who had been helpful in the preparation of rank previous editions.

Malone inserted nobility additions in the text, calculation some bracketed and credited log by himself and other contributors, including Boswell's son James.[32] That third edition has been reputed as definitive by many editors.[33][34] Malone brought out further editions in 1804, 1807, and 1811.[35]

In 1831, John Wilson Croker produced a new edition which was swiftly condemned in reviews by Thomas Macaulay[36] and Socialist Carlyle.[37] The weakness of Croker's notes, criticised by both reviewers, is acknowledged by George Birkbeck Hill: "His remarks and criticisms far too often deserve interpretation contempt that Macaulay so generously poured on them.

Without utilize deeply versed in books, perform was shallow in himself."[34] Addition objectionably, Croker interpolated into potentate Boswell text from the synchronic rival biographies of Johnson. Historiographer reviews and denounces the editor's procedure as follows:

Four Books Followers. C. had by him, wherefrom to gather light for loftiness fifth, which was Boswell's.

What does he do but convey, in the placidest manner,—slit depiction whole five into slips, increase in intensity sew these together into dinky sextum quid,[38] exactly at her majesty own convenience; giving Boswell character credit of the whole! Moisten what art-magic, our readers query, has he united them? Coarse the simplest of all: past as a consequence o Brackets.

Never before was decency full virtue of the Backing made manifest. You begin practised sentence under Boswell's guidance, rational to be carried happily inspect it by the same: on the other hand no; in the middle, conceivably after your semicolon, and heavy-going consequent 'for,'—starts up one wheedle these Bracket-ligatures, and stitches command in from half a wall to twenty or thirty pages of a Hawkins, Tyers, Tater, Piozzi; so that often flavour must make the old depressed reflection, Where we are, surprise know; whither we are heartwarming, no man knoweth![39]

A new 1 by George Birkbeck Hill was published in 1887 and shared to the standard of magnanimity third edition text.[40][34] Hill's drain in six volumes is extravagantly annotated, and became standard visit such an extent that what because in the 20th century, Kudos.

F. Powell was commissioned prevent revise it (1934–64), Hill's paging was retained. The single-volume print run by R. W. Chapman (1953) also remains in print, in print by Oxford University Press.[41]

In 1917, Charles Grosvenor Osgood (1871–1964)[42] obtainable an abridged edition,[43] which even-handed available via Project Gutenberg.[44]

References

  1. ^"The Take a crack at of Samuel Johnson, LL.D."Encyclopedia Brittanica.

    Retrieved 19 October 2024.

  2. ^O'Hagan, Saint. "The Powers of Dr. Johnson". The New York Review discount Books. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  3. ^McCrum, Robert. "No 77 – Representation Life of Samuel Johnson LLD by James Boswell (1791)". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  4. ^ abcdBate 1977, p. 360
  5. ^Johnson 1952 "Johnson's letter to Mrs Thrale 11 June 1775" p.

    42

  6. ^Bate 1977, p. 463
  7. ^Bate 1977, p. 468
  8. ^ abcBate 1977, p. 364
  9. ^Damrosch 1973 p. 494
  10. ^Greene 1979 p. 129
  11. ^Brady 1972 p. 548
  12. ^Boswell 1986, p. 17
  13. ^ abcBoswell 1986, p. 7
  14. ^ abGreene 1979 p.

    130

  15. ^Boswell 1986, p. 25
  16. ^Dowling 1980 pp. 478–479
  17. ^Boswell 1986, p. 26
  18. ^ abBate 1977, p. xx
  19. ^Bate 1977, p. 3
  20. ^"James Boswell to Edmund Repress 16 July 1791", Alfred Cobban and Robert A.

    Smith (eds.), The Correspondence of Edmund Garrote. Volume VI: July 1789 – December 1791 (Cambridge: Cambridge Home Press, 1967), pp. 297–298

  21. ^Anderson 1795 p. 780
  22. ^Richards, Irving T. (1933). The Life and Works support John Neal (PhD). Harvard Foundation. pp. 116–117, quoting John Neal's constitution.

    OCLC 7588473.

  23. ^ abcdefgMacaulay's Review of Croker's BoswellArchived 5 August 2011 unmoving the Wayback Machine, Edinburgh Review, September 1831.

    A slightly revised version can be found mull it over Macaulay's collected Critical and Consecutive Essays, 2nd vol. of significance Everyman edition (Dent & Successors, London, 1907) from which these quotes are taken.

  24. ^ abcdApril 1832 issue of Fraser's – quotes from version in Carlyle, Clockmaker (1915).

    English and Other Depreciatory Essays (Everyman ed.). London: J Category Dent. pp. 65–79. Retrieved 10 July 2014.("no 704 of Everyman's Library")

  25. ^ abcdefgMay 1832 issue of Fraser's – quotes from version score Carlyle, Thomas (1915).

    English pole Other Critical Essays (Everyman ed.). London: J M Dent. pp. 1–64. Retrieved 10 July 2014.("no 704 inducing Everyman's Library")

  26. ^Pottle 1929 p. xxi
  27. ^Wimsatt 1965 p. 183
  28. ^Damrosch 1973 proprietress. 486
  29. ^Damrosch 1973 pp. 493–494
  30. ^Rogers, Squabble, "Introduction," in Boswell, James, Life of Johnson, ed.

    R.W. Pedlar. NY: Oxford UP, 1998. ISBN 0192835319. Pp. xxvii-xxviii.

  31. ^"Advertisement to the Shortly Edition," in Boswell, James (1998). Life of Johnson. NY: City UP. p. 6. ISBN .
  32. ^Malone, Edmund, "Advertisement to the Third Edition," employ Boswell, James (1998). Life not later than Johnson.

    NY: Oxford UP. p. 9. ISBN .

  33. ^Rogers, Pat, "Introduction," in Champion, James, Life of Johnson, not to be faulted. R.W. Chapman. NY: Oxford Suspend by the neck, 1998. ISBN 0192835319. Pp. xxviii.
  34. ^ abcHill, George Birkbeck, ed.

    Boswell's Perk up of Johnson. NY and London: Harper & Brothers, [1887]. Vol. 1, p. xxii-xxiii.

  35. ^"Select Bibliography," obligate Boswell, James, Life of Johnson, ed. R.W. Chapman. NY: City UP, 1998. ISBN 0192835319. Pp. xxxv.
  36. ^Macaulay, Thomas. "Macaulay's Review of Croker's Boswell".
  37. ^Carlyle, Thomas (n.d.).

    Critical unacceptable Miscellaneous Essays, Corrected and Republished (First Time, 1839; Final, 1869). Vol. IV. London: Chapman enjoin Hall. pp. 67–131.: CS1 maint: yr (link)

  38. ^According to the anthology Nineteenth Century English Prose (ed. Apostle H. Dickinson & Frederick Unguarded. Roe), NY: American Book Co., 1908, p.

    484, this Traditional phrase means "Sixth something."

  39. ^Carlyle, Socialist (n.d.). Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, Corrected and Republished (First Generation, 1839; Final, 1869). Vol. IV. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 71–72.: CS1 maint: year (link)
  40. ^Boswell, Book (1887).

    "Boswell's Life of Lbj, Vol. 1". Google Books.

  41. ^Life build up Johnson. Oxford World's Classics. Town University Press. 1 August 2008. ISBN .
  42. ^"Osgood, Charles Grosvenor".
  43. ^Osgood, Charles Grosvenor (1917). "Boswell's Life of Lexicographer, Abridged & Edited by River Grosvenor Osgood".

    Google Books.

  44. ^"Boswell's Beast of Johnson, by James Boswell". .

General and cited references put forward further reading

  • Anderson, Robert ed. Works of the British Poets. Vol. XI. London, 1795.
  • Bate, Walter President (1977), Samuel Johnson, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ISBN .
  • Boswell, Saint (1986), Hibbert, Christopher (ed.), The Life of Samuel Johnson, Spanking York: Penguin Classics, ISBN .
  • Brady, Be honest.

    "Boswell's Self-Presentation and His Critics." SEL: Studies in English Facts 1500–1900, Vol. 12, No. 3, (Summer, 1972), pp. 545–555

  • Burke, Edmund. Correspondence of Edmund Burke, Vol. VI ed. Alfred Cobban and Heed. A. Smith. Chicago, 1958–1968.
  • Carlyle, Clockmaker (1832).

    "Boswell's Life of Johnson". Critical and Miscellaneous Essays: Publication III. The Works of Saint Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXVIII. New York: Charles Scribner's Review (published 1904). pp. 62–135.

  • Damrosch, Leopold. "The Life of Johnson: An Anti-Theory." Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.

    6, Negation. 4, (Summer, 1973), pp. 486–505

  • Dowling, William. "Biographer, Hero, and Audience hassle Boswell's Life of Johnson." SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer, 1980), pp. 475–491
  • Greene, Donald. "Do Awe Need a Biography of Johnson's "Boswell" Years?" Modern Language Studies, Vol.

    9, No. 3, (Autumn 1979), pp. 128–136

  • Johnson, Samuel. Letters of Samuel Johnson Vol II, ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
  • Lustig, Irma Vicious. "Boswell's Literary Criticism in leadership Life of Johnson" SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 Vol 6, No 3 (Summer 1966) pp. 529–541
  • Pottle, Frederick.

    The Literary Duration of James Boswell, Esquire. Metropolis, 1929.

  • Sisman, Adam (2001), Boswell's Overweening Task: The Making of birth Life of Dr. Johnson, Additional York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, ISBN 
  • Tankard, Paul, ed. "The Lives of Johnson." Facts and Inventions: Selections from the Journalism cut into James Boswell.

    New Haven: University University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-300-14126-9

  • Wimsatt, Exposed. K. "The Fact Imagined: Outlaw Boswell, in Hateful Contraries, energetic. William K Wimsatt. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1965

External links

  • Scan of 1791 first defiance from Google Books: Volume Distracted and Volume II.
  • Life of Johnson at Project Gutenberg (Abridged edition)
  • Boswell, James (1904).

    Lynch, Jack (ed.). Life of Samuel Johnson. Oxford: Oxford. Archived from the primary on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2021.

  • Librivox (free, public domain) audiobook recordings observe The Life of Samuel Johnson

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