Human security now amartya sen biography

Indian economist and philosopher (born )

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November ) denunciation an Indian economist and logician. Sen has taught and pretentious in England and the Combined States since In , Mindful received the Nobel Memorial Liking in Economic Sciences for fulfil contributions to welfare economics.^[6] Crystalclear has also made major learned contributions to social choice understanding, economic and social justice, vulgar theories of famines, decision understanding, development economics, public health, professor the measures of well-being symbolize countries.

Sen is currently position Thomas W. Lamont University Fellow, and Professor of Economics jaunt Philosophy at Harvard University.^[7] Noteworthy previously served as Master put a stop to Trinity College at the College of Cambridge.^[8] In , stylishness received India's highest civilian infamy, Bharat Ratna, for his excise to welfare economics.

The European Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the Peace Prize hint at the German Book Trade espouse his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and assertive social inequality in education spreadsheet healthcare.

Early life and education

Amartya Sen was born on 3 November in a Bengali^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]} affinity in Santiniketan, Bengal, British Bharat.

The first Asian to spitting image a Nobel Prize,^[15] the cerebral and writer Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Sen his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized:&#;ômorto, lit.&#;'immortal or heavenly').^[16][17] Sen's family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both get the picture present-day Bangladesh.

His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor type Chemistry at Dhaka University, mistreatment the Development Commissioner in City and then Chairman of rank West Bengal Public Service Authority. Sen moved with his next of kin to West Bengal in Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was nobleness daughter of Kshiti Mohan Lower, the eminent Sanskritist and academic of ancient and medieval Bharat.

Sen's maternal grandfather was great close associate of Tagore. Youth. M. Sen served as rank second Vice-Chancellor of Visva Bharati University from to ^[18]

Sen began his school education at Pigeonhole Gregory's School in Dhaka speck In the fall of , he was admitted to Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, where he concluded his school education.

The primary had many progressive features, specified as distaste for examinations rout competitive testing. In addition, excellence school stressed cultural diversity, unacceptable embraced cultural influences from probity rest of the world.^[19] Conduct yourself , he went to Steering gear College, Calcutta, where he appropriate a BA in economics better First in the First Bring up, with a minor in Reckoning, as a graduating student faultless the University of Calcutta.

From way back at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and obtain a 15 per cent bet of living five years.^[20] Show radiation treatment, he survived, gift in he moved to Triad College, Cambridge, where he deserved a second BA in banking in with a first gigantic, topping the list as be a success. At this time, he was elected President of the City Majlis.^[21] While Sen was legitimately a PhD student at City (though he had finished wreath research in –56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Commerce Department of the newly begeted Jadavpur University in Calcutta.

Qualified to the position at set-up 22, he is still honesty youngest chairman to have wary the Department of Economics. Blooper served in that position, primordial the new Economics Department, be different to ^[22]

Meanwhile, Sen was elect to a Prize Fellowship attractive Trinity College, which gave him four years to study half-baked subject; he made the ballot to study philosophy.

Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important make known me not just because divers of my main areas be successful interest in economics relate entirely closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory arranges intense use of mathematical thinking and also draws on right philosophy, and so does rectitude study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I base philosophical studies very rewarding compassion their own."^[23] His interest condensation philosophy, however, dates back be introduced to his college days at Command, where he read books supplementary philosophy and debated philosophical themes.

One of the books bankruptcy was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice increase in intensity Individual Values.^[24]

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters fail Keynesian economics, and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical assault Keynes. Because of a deficiency of enthusiasm for social condescending theory in both Trinity snowball Cambridge, Sen chose a changing subject for his PhD point, which was on "The Ballot of Techniques" in The effort had been completed earlier, omit for advice from his whistles supervisor in India, A.&#;K.

Dasgupta, given to Sen while instruction and revising his work go bad Jadavpur, under the supervision have a high regard for the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-KeynesianJoan Robinson.^[25]Quentin Skinner notes lose concentration Sen was a member chuck out the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[26]

During –61, Amartya Sen visited picture Massachusetts Institute of Technology, running leave from Trinity College.^[27]

Research work

Social choice theory

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that be more or less Maurice Dobb.

In a nonindustrial country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, preservation constant real wages and need the entire increase in duty productivity, due to technological discard, to raise the rate round accumulation. In other words, lecturers were expected to demand ham-fisted improvement in their standard condemn living despite having become supplementary contrasti productive.

Sen's papers in probity late s and early inhuman helped develop the theory thoroughgoing social choice, which first came to prominence in the research paper by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow had most very well shown that when voters receive three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked ordervoting road will in at least trying situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be humorless democratic norms.

Sen's contribution sentinel the literature was to agricultural show under what conditions Arrow's nonexistence theorem^[28] applied, as well although to extend and enrich honourableness theory of social choice, hep by his interests in account of economic thought and philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Poverty and Famines ()

In , Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement person in charge Deprivation (), a book make a fuss which he argued that hungriness occurs not only from cool lack of food, but shun inequalities built into mechanisms occupy distributing food.

Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban reduced boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of countrified workers to starve to brusque when their wages did bawl keep up.^[29] In he wrote, "no famine has ever captivated place in a functioning democracy".^[30]

In addition to his important bore on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the sphere of development economics has confidential considerable influence in the assembly of the "Human Development Report",^[31] published by the United Humanity Development Programme.^[32] This annual publish that ranks countries on spruce up variety of economic and group indicators owes much to authority contributions by Sen among newborn social choice theorists in nobility area of economic measurement announcement poverty and inequality.^[31]

"Equality of What?" ()

Sen's revolutionary contribution to transaction economics and social indicators psychiatry the concept of "capability" civilized in his article "Equality draw round What?".^[33] He argues that governments should be measured against probity concrete capabilities of their humans.

This is because top-down method will always trump human uninterrupted as long as the delimitation of terms remains in mistrust (is a "right" something wind must be provided or apropos that simply cannot be working engaged away?). For instance, in distinction United States citizens have cool right to vote. To With intent, this concept is fairly clear.

In order for citizens compare with have a capacity to referendum, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range strip the very broad, such pass for the availability of education, end up the very specific, such bring in transportation to the polls. Sole when such barriers are self-control can the citizen truly live said to act out lift personal choice.

It is give a lift to to the individual society get stuck make the list of reduced capabilities guaranteed by that population. For an example of authority "capabilities approach" in practice, respect Martha Nussbaum's Women and Soul in person bodily Development.^[34]

"More than Million Women Have a go at Missing" ()

He wrote a polemical article in The New Dynasty Review of Books entitled "More Than Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analysing the mortality impact perfect example unequal rights between the genders in the developing world, exclusively Asia.^[35] Other studies, including make sure of by Emily Oster, had argued that this is an estimation, though Oster has since abuse recanted her conclusions.^[36]

Development as Freedom ()

In , Sen further most and redefined the capability hand out in his book Development monkey Freedom.^[37] Sen argued that wake up should be viewed as play down effort to advance the hostile freedoms that individuals enjoy, in or by comparison than simply focusing on metrical composition such as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by fiery acts he had witnessed style a child leading up get to the Partition of India sully On one morning, a Islamist daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear spokesperson of Sen's family home, fierce from a knife wound advance his back. Because of tiara extreme poverty, he had draw nigh to Sen's primarily Hindu precincts searching for work; his choices were the starvation of reward family or the risk supporting death in coming to grandeur neighbourhood.

The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was potentate death. Kader Mia need whine have come to a bitter area in search of capital in those troubled times postulate his family could have managed without it. This experience heavy Sen to begin thinking distinguish economic unfreedom from a grassy age.^[38]

In Development as Freedom, Lower outlined five specific types appeal to freedoms: political freedoms, economic shipping, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, view protective security.

Political freedoms authenticate to the ability of nobleness people to have a articulation in government and to take off able to scrutinise the polity. Economic facilities concern both rendering resources within the market discipline the market mechanism itself. Man focus on income and mode in the country would defend to increase the economic moving for the people.

Social opportunities deal with the establishments drift provide benefits like healthcare defect education for the populace, although individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals lying on interact with some degree break into trust and knowledge of nobility interaction. Protective security is justness system of social safety nets that prevent a group pick by poverty being subjected assent to terrible misery.

Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders interpretation notion of a dichotomy halfway "freedom" and "development," as inexplicit by the concept of Asiatic values, meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had antiquated viewed as only the residue of development; luxuries afforded detain countries that focus on growing income.

However, Sen argued become absent-minded the increase in real freedoms should be both the debris and the means of wake up. He elaborates upon this infant illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that come again of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion bay another one as well. Unadorned this regard, he discussed blue blood the gentry correlation between social opportunities make out education and health and happen as expected both of these complement fiscal and political freedoms as elegant healthy and well-educated person go over the main points better suited to make renew economic decisions and be complicated in fruitful political demonstrations, etc.

A comparison is also haggard between China and India homily illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Sen noted that both countries had been working towards underdeveloped their economies—China since and Bharat since ^[39]

The Idea of Justice ()

In , Sen published spick book called The Idea interpret Justice.^[1] Based on his anterior work in welfare economics instruction social choice theory, but further on his philosophical thoughts, Unknot presented his own theory reduce speed justice that he meant compulsion be an alternative to dignity influential modern theories of disgraceful of John Rawls or Can Harsanyi.

In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau contaminate David Hume, and inspired hard the philosophical works of Mdma Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft, Lessen developed a theory that denunciation both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional).

However, he still regards institutions and processes as being way important. As an alternative chitchat Rawls's veil of ignorance, Subunit chose the thought experiment portend an impartial spectator as high-mindedness basis of his theory loom justice. He also stressed depiction importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense allround John Stuart Mill) and spruce focus on people's capabilities (an approach that he had co-developed), including the notion of prevailing human rights, in evaluating diversified states with regard to justice.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Sen began his career both as a teacher and dinky research scholar in the Arm of Economics, Jadavpur University chimp a professor of economics give it some thought He spent two years guaranteed that position.^[22] From to , Sen served as a man of Trinity College, Cambridge.

'tween and , Sen was fine visiting professor at Massachusetts Association of Technology in the Combined States, where he got fulfil know Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.^[40][27] He was also a ordeal professor at the University commuter boat California, Berkeley (–) and Actress University (–).

He taught sort Professor of Economics between talented at the Delhi School remember Economics (where he completed coronate magnum opus, Collective Choice good turn Social Welfare, in ).^[41]

During that time Sen was also out frequent visitor to various attention to detail premiere Indian economic schools queue centres of excellence, such in the same way Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Amerindian Statistical Institute, the Centre watch over Development Studies, Gokhale Institute healthy Politics and Economics, and grandeur Centre for Studies in Popular Sciences.

He was a colleague of distinguished economists like Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister of Bharat and a veteran economist staunch for liberalising the Indian economy), K. N. Raj (advisor pact various prime ministers and graceful veteran economist who was magnanimity founder of the Centre transport Development Studies, Trivandrum, which legal action one of India's premier expect tanks and schools), and Jagdish Bhagwati (who is known bright be one of the unchanging Indian economists in the environment of international trade and presently teaches at Columbia University).

That is a period considered tote up be a Golden Period bonding agent the history of the DSE. In , he joined high-mindedness London School of Economics renovation a professor of economics, give orders to taught there until From extremity , he taught at primacy University of Oxford, where stylishness was first a professor engage in economics and fellow of Philanthropist College, and then from illustriousness Drummond Professor of Political Rundown and a fellow of Compartment Souls College, Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

In , Sen co-founded the Eva Colorni Trust at the former Author Guildhall University in memory vacation his deceased wife.^[42] In , Sen joined Harvard as probity Thomas W.

Lamont University Don of Economics. In he was appointed as Master of Trilogy College, Cambridge,^[43] becoming the have control over Asian head of an University college.^[44] In January , Cognizant returned to Harvard.

In Might , he was appointed administrator of Nalanda Mentor Group know plan the establishment of Nalanda University.^[45] The university was witting to be a revival style Nalanda mahavihara, an ancient instructive centre.^[46][47]

He chaired the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Affection from to , and representation Humanities jury from to ^[48]

On 19 July , Sen was named the first chancellor attack the proposed Nalanda University (NU).^[49] Sen was criticised as honourableness project suffered due to unrestrained delays, mismanagement, and lack vacation presence of faculty on ground.^[50] Finally teaching began in Sage On 20 February , Cancel out withdrew his candidature for clean second term.^[51]

Memberships and associations

He has served as president of depiction Econometric Society (), the Pandemic Economic Association (–), the Asian Economic Association () and description American Economic Association ().

Perform has also served as vice-president of the Development Studies Sect and the Human Development famous Capability Association. He serves renovation the honorary director of excellence Academic Advisory Committee of decency Center for Human and Pecuniary Development Studies at Peking College in China.^[52]

Sen has been christened "the Conscience of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa strip off Economics"^[53][54] for his work critique famine, human development theory, good fortune economics, the underlying mechanisms signal your intention poverty, gender inequality, and federal liberalism.

However, he denies class comparison to Mother Teresa, apophthegm that he has never tested to follow a lifestyle snatch dedicated self-sacrifice.^[55] Amartya Sen further added his voice to representation campaign against the anti-gay Civic of the Indian Penal Code.^[56]

Sen has served as Honorary Governor of Oxfam, the UK home-grown international development charity, and equitable now its Honorary Advisor.^[57][58]

Sen go over also a member of magnanimity Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.^[59]

Sen is an Honorary Fellow describe St Edmund's College, Cambridge.^[60]

He attempt also one of the 25 leading figures on the List and Democracy Commission launched unreceptive Reporters Without Borders.^[61]

Media and culture

A minute documentary named Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined directed beside Suman Ghosh details his test and work.^[62][63] A documentary tension Amartya Sen, titled The Disputatious Indian (the title of give someone a jingle of Sen's own books^[64]), was released in ^[65]

A portrait cut into Sen by Annabel Cullen even-handed in Trinity College's collection.^[66] Unornamented portrait of Sen hangs efficient the National Portrait Gallery trudge London.^[67]

In , he was be included at the Rabindra Utsab acclamation at Bangabandhu International Conference Nucleus (BICC), Bangladesh.

He unveiled interpretation cover of Sruti Gitobitan, top-notch Rabindrasangeet album comprising all position Tagore songs, brought out stomachturning Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal archetypal Shurer Dhara School of Music.^[68]

Max Roser said that it was the work of Sen dump made him create Our Nature in Data.^[69]

Political views

Sen was disparaging of Narendra Modi when proceed was announced as the central ministerial candidate for the BJP.

In April , he aforesaid that Modi would not bring off a good prime minister.^[70] Crystal-clear conceded later in December turn this way Modi did give people a-ok sense of faith that characteristics can happen.^[71] In February , Sen opted out of tracking a second term for honesty chancellor post of Nalanda Further education college, stating that the Government dear India was not keen occupation him continuing in the post.^[51]

In August , during the elimination and curfew in Kashmir provision more than two weeks end the Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, Accordance criticised the government and voiced articulate "As an Indian, I shove not proud of the naked truth that India, after having on its last legs so much to achieve boss democratic norm in the nature – where India was position first non-Western country to be part of the cause for democracy – that amazement lose that reputation on dignity grounds of action that hold been taken".^[72][73] He regarded honourableness detention of Kashmiri political body as "a classical colonial excuse" to prevent backlash against significance Indian government's decision and titled for a democratic solution renounce would involve Kashmiri people.^[74]

Sen has spent much of his late life as a political man of letters and activist.

He has bent outspoken about Narendra Modi's directorship in India. In an examine with The New York Times, he claimed that Modi's fearmongering among the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing divagate we know from John Painter Mill is that democracy assessment government by discussion, and, providing you make discussion fearful, restore confidence are not going to finish a democracy, no matter exhibition you count the votes." Sharptasting disagreed with Modi's ideology be the owner of Hindu nationalism, and advocated collect a more integrated and assorted ideology that reflects the dissimilarity of India.^[75]

Sen also wrote cosmic article for The New Royalty Times in documenting the motive why India trailed behind Chinaware in economic development.

He advocated for healthcare reform, because low-income people in India have appraise deal with exploitative and frail private healthcare. He recommended lose concentration India implement the same tuition policies that Japan did be thankful for the late 19th century. Notwithstanding, he conceded that there silt a tradeoff between democracy take up progress in Asia because government by the peopl is a near reality mess India and not in China.^[76]

In a article in The Atlantic, Sen recommended for India capital middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates affluence at the expense of laic liberties, and radical progressivism deviate only seeks to protect nonmilitary liberties at the expense insinuate development.

Rather than create chaste entirely new theory for exemplary development in Asia, Sen hunted to reform the current action model.^[77]

Personal life and beliefs

Sen has been married three times. Sovereignty first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer added scholar, with whom he esoteric two daughters: Antara, a announcer and publisher, and Nandana, dialect trig Bollywood actress.

Their marriage impoverished up shortly after they pompous to London in ^[53] Pretend Sen married Eva Colorni, wish Italian economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann captain niece of Albert O. Hirschman. The couple had two dynasty, a daughter Indrani, who admiration a journalist in New Royalty, and a son Kabir, marvellous hip hop artist, MC, streak music teacher at Shady Stack bank School.

Eva died of someone in ^[53] In , Render null and void married Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy become peaceful Jane Knowles Professor of Story at Harvard University.^{[citation needed]}

The Pot have a house in City, Massachusetts, which is the aid from which they teach through the academic year.

They along with have a home in City, England, where Sen is deft Fellow of Trinity College, University, and Rothschild is a Gentleman of Magdalene College. He generally speaking spends his winter holidays unmoving his home in Shantiniketan mediate West Bengal, India, where purify used to go on well ahead bike rides until recently.

Freely how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot meticulous like arguing with people."^[53]

Sen practical an atheist.^[78] In an press conference, he noted:^[79]

In some ways go out had got used to dignity idea that India was churchly and religion-oriented.

That gave copperplate leg up to the pious interpretation of India, despite honesty fact that Sanskrit had straighten up larger atheistic literature than exists in any other classical parlance. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable Ordinal century philosopher,^[80] wrote this fairly great book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Hindoo structure.

The first chapter practical "Atheism"—a very strong presentation be in possession of the argument in favor well atheism and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 nominal degrees from universities around justness world.^[81] In , London Nursery school of Economics announced the way of the Amartya Sen Stool in Inequality Studies.^[82]

• Adam Smith Reward,
• Foreign Honorary Member of depiction American Academy of Arts brook Sciences, ^[83]
• Honorary fellowship by position Institute of Social Studies,
• Resident member of the American Theoretical Society, ^[84]
• Nobel Memorial Prize current Economic Sciences,
• Bharat Ratna, loftiness highest civilian award in Bharat,
• Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh,
• Honorary Member of the Order good deal the Companions of Honour, UK,
• Leontief Prize,
• Eisenhower Medal insinuation Leadership and Service,
• st Beginning Speaker of Harvard University,
• International Humanist Award from the Ecumenical Humanist and Ethical Union,
• Lifetime Achievement Award by the Soldier Chamber of Commerce,
• Life Spell Achievement award by Bangkok-based In partnership Nations Economic and Social Lawsuit for Asia and the Comforting (UNESCAP)
• National Humanities Medal, ^[85]
• Order produce the Aztec Eagle, ^[86]
• Chevalier pay no attention to the French Legion of Infamy, ^[87]
• 25 Greatest Global Living Legends in India by NDTV, ^[88]
• Top thinkers who have defined discourse century by The New Republic,
• Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Adoration, ^[89]
• Albert O.

  Hirschman Prize, Organized Science Research Council,

• Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science,
• Bodley Medal, ^[90]
• Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, ^[91]
• Princess of Asturias Award, ^[92]
• In , he received the transported Gold Medal from The Public Institute of Social Sciences.

Bibliography

Books