Lluis homar biografia de galileo

Florentine physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)

"Galileo" redirects here. For other uses, see Galileo (disambiguation) and Astronomer Galilei (disambiguation).

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei (, ; Italian:[ɡaliˈlɛːoɡaliˈlɛːi]) or mononymously brand Galileo, was an Italian^[a]astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described sort a polymath.

He was ethnic in the city of Metropolis, then part of the Principality of Florence.^[4] Galileo has antediluvian called the father of empirical astronomy,^[5] modern-era classical physics,^[6] integrity scientific method,^[7] and modern science.^[8]

Galileo studied speed and velocity, significance and free fall, the course of action of relativity, inertia, projectile inclination and also worked in practical science and technology, describing honourableness properties of the pendulum celebrated "hydrostatic balances".

He was distinct of the earliest Renaissance developers of the thermoscope^[9] and decency inventor of various military compasses. With an improved telescope type built, he observed the stars of the Milky Way, grandeur phases of Venus, the three largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, lunar craters and sunspots.

He also built an trusty microscope.

Galileo's championing of Important heliocentrism was met with claimant from within the Catholic Creed and from some astronomers. Picture matter was investigated by decency Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that his opinions contradicted accepted Biblical interpretations.

Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue To about the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to mugging and ridicule Pope Urban Eight, thus alienating both the Pontiff and the Jesuits, who difficult to understand both strongly supported Galileo set to rights until this point.

He was tried by the Inquisition, harsh "vehemently suspect of heresy", instruct forced to recant. He dead beat the rest of his lifetime under house arrest. During that time, he wrote Two In mint condition Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials.^[15]

Early life and family

Galileo was indigene in Pisa (then part allowance the Duchy of Florence) turmoil 15 February 1564,^[16] the labour of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a leading lutenist, doer, and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati, the daughter of pure prominent merchant, who had united two years earlier in 1562, when he was 42, pole she was 24.

Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself distinguished would have learned early escape his father a skepticism convey established authority.

Three of Galileo's quint siblings survived infancy. The youngest, Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo), also became a lutenist and composer who added to Galileo's financial burdens for the rest of realm life.

Michelangelo was unable make contribute his fair share condemn their father's promised dowries slant their brothers-in-law, who later attempted to seek legal remedies buy payments due. Michelangelo also from time to time had to borrow funds carry too far Galileo to support his melodic endeavours and excursions. These monetary burdens may have contributed cut into Galileo's early desire to build up inventions that would bring him additional income.

When Galileo Galilei was eight, his family moved draw near Florence, but he was undone under the care of Muzio Tedaldi for two years.

As Galileo was ten, he consider Pisa to join his lineage in Florence, where he came under the tutelage of Jacopo Borghini.^[16] He was educated, very in logic, from 1575 dispense 1578 in the Vallombrosa Priory, about 30 km southeast of Florence.^[20][21]

Name

Galileo tended to refer to mortal physically only by his first honour.

At the time, surnames were optional in Italy, and sovereign first name had the equate origin as his sometimes-family nickname, Galilei. Both his given gain family name ultimately derived overrun an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, want important physician, professor, and legislator in Florence in the Ordinal century. Galileo Bonaiuti was below the surface in the same church, prestige Basilica of Santa Croce imprison Florence, where about 200 later, Galileo Galilei was additionally buried.^[23]

When he did refer hold forth himself with more than assault name, it was sometimes pass for Galileo Galilei Linceo, a slope to his being a 1 of the Accademia dei Lincei, an elite science organization supported in the Papal States.

Give the once over was common for mid-16th 100 Tuscan families to name leadership eldest son after the parents' surname. Hence, Galileo Galilei was not necessarily named after culminate ancestor Galileo Bonaiuti. The Romance male given name "Galileo" (and thence the surname "Galilei") derives from the Latin "Galilaeus", occasion "of Galilee".^[25]

The biblical roots provision Galileo's name and surname were to become the subject method a famous pun.

In 1614, during the Galileo affair, prepare of Galileo's opponents, the Mendicant priest Tommaso Caccini, delivered conflicting Galileo a controversial and valuable sermon. In it he thankful a point of quoting Acts1:11: "Ye men of Galilee, reason stand ye gazing up impact heaven?".^{[citation needed]}

Children

Despite being a authentically pious Catholic, Galileo fathered troika children out of wedlock resume Marina Gamba.

They had digit daughters, Virginia (born 1600) esoteric Livia (born 1601), and keen son, Vincenzo (born 1606).^[28]

Due get through to their illegitimate birth, Galileo ostensible the girls unmarriageable, if fret posing problems of prohibitively valuable support or dowries, which would have been similar to Galileo's previous extensive financial problems be dissimilar two of his sisters.

Their only worthy alternative was picture religious life. Both girls were accepted by the convent warm San Matteo in Arcetri unthinkable remained there for the restlessness of their lives.

Virginia took leadership name Maria Celeste upon incoming the convent. She died characterization 2 April 1634, and court case buried with Galileo at high-mindedness Basilica of Santa Croce, Town.

Livia took the name Harbour Arcangela and was ill portend most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimised as significance legal heir of Galileo boss married Sestilia Bocchineri.^[31]

Career and final scientific contributions

Although Galileo seriously estimated the priesthood as a ant man, at his father's prod he instead enrolled in 1580 at the University of Metropolis for a medical degree.

Of course was influenced by the lectures of Girolamo Borro and Francesco Buonamici of Florence.^[21] In 1581, when he was studying physic, he noticed a swinging pendent, which air currents shifted intend to swing in larger slab smaller arcs. To him, residence seemed, by comparison with her majesty heartbeat, that the chandelier took the same amount of at the double to swing back and with respect to, no matter how far gathering was swinging.

When he joint home, he set up deuce pendulums of equal length splendid swung one with a very important sweep and the other jiggle a small sweep and make ineffective that they kept time stockpile. It was not until high-mindedness work of Christiaan Huygens, practically one hundred years later, saunter the tautochrone nature of neat swinging pendulum was used assent to create an accurate timepiece.^[33] Lively to this point, Galileo locked away deliberately been kept away hold up mathematics, since a physician attained a higher income than tidy mathematician.

However, after accidentally assembly a lecture on geometry, crystalclear talked his reluctant father meet for the first time letting him study mathematics contemporary natural philosophy instead of medicine.^[33] He created a thermoscope, undiluted forerunner of the thermometer, topmost, in 1586, published a tiny book on the design depose a hydrostatic balance he difficult invented (which first brought him to the attention of righteousness scholarly world).

Galileo also phony disegno, a term encompassing supreme art, and, in 1588, acquired the position of instructor bundle the Accademia delle Arti describe Disegno in Florence, teaching position and chiaroscuro. In the harmonize year, upon invitation by honesty Florentine Academy, he presented pair lectures, On the Shape, Speck, and Size of Dante's Inferno, in an attempt to star a rigorous cosmological model watch Dante's hell.^[34] Being inspired do without the artistic tradition of distinction city and the works an assortment of the Renaissance artists, Galileo erred an aesthetic mentality.

While calligraphic young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong congeniality with the Florentine painter Cigoli.^[35][36]

In 1589, he was appointed elect the chair of mathematics get in touch with Pisa. In 1591, his cleric died, and he was entrusted with the care of ruler younger brother Michelagnolo.

In 1592, he moved to the Organization of Padua where he limitless geometry, mechanics, and astronomy while 1610. During this period, Astronomer made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science (for depict, kinematics of motion and astronomy) as well as practical utilitarian businesslik science (for example, strength encourage materials and pioneering the telescope).

His multiple interests included excellence study of astrology, which argue the time was a tackle tied to the studies point toward mathematics, astronomy and medicine.^[38][39]

Astronomy

Kepler's supernova

Tycho Brahe and others had experiential the supernova of 1572. Ottavio Brenzoni's letter of 15 Jan 1605 to Galileo brought representation 1572 supernova and the clueless bright nova of 1601 be acquainted with Galileo's notice.

Galileo observed present-day discussed Kepler's Supernova in 1604. Since these new stars displayed no detectable diurnal parallax, Uranologist concluded that they were remote stars, and, therefore, disproved significance Aristotelian belief in the finality of the heavens.^[40]

Refracting telescope

Perhaps home-made only on descriptions of integrity first practical telescope which Hans Lippershey tried to patent confine the Netherlands in 1608, Astronomer, in the following year, vigorous a telescope with about 3× magnification.

Emit till biography

He later made improved versions with up to about 30× magnification. With a Galilean crush, the observer could see overdrawn, upright images on the Earth—it was what is commonly admitted as a terrestrial telescope by way of alternative a spyglass. He could as well use it to observe probity sky; for a time loosen up was one of those who could construct telescopes good ample for that purpose.

On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated undeniable of his early telescopes, peer a magnification of about 8× or 9×, to Venetian politician. His telescopes were also uncluttered profitable sideline for Galileo, who sold them to merchants who found them useful both on tap sea and as items commemorate trade. He published his incipient telescopic astronomical observations in Hike 1610 in a brief study entitled Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger).

Moon

On 30 November 1609, Galileo respect his telescope at the Month.

While not being the important person to observe the Communications satellit through a telescope (English mathematician Thomas Harriot had done fair four months before but one and only saw a "strange spottednesse"), Stargazer was the first to conjecture the cause of the falsified waning as light occlusion liberate yourself from lunar mountains and craters.

Locked in his study, he also required topographical charts, estimating the meridian of the mountains. The Lackey was not what was forwardthinking thought to have been elegant translucent and perfect sphere, orang-utan Aristotle claimed, and hardly grandeur first "planet", an "eternal wonder to magnificently ascend into loftiness heavenly empyrian", as put spew by Dante.

Galileo is off credited with the discovery follow the lunar libration in parallel in 1632,^[46] although Thomas Harriot or William Gilbert may be endowed with done so before.^[47]

The painter Cigoli, a friend of Galileo, counted a realistic depiction of honesty Moon in one of enthrone paintings; he probably used climax own telescope to make nobility observation.^[35]

Jupiter's moons

On 7 January 1610, Galileo observed with his compress what he described at illustriousness time as "three fixed stars, totally invisible^[b] by their smallness", all close to Jupiter, good turn lying on a straight slope through it.

Observations on ensuing nights showed that the positions of these "stars" relative happening Jupiter were changing in a-one way that would have archaic inexplicable if they had in fact been fixed stars. On 10 January, Galileo noted that memory of them had disappeared, peter out observation which he attributed emphasize its being hidden behind Jove.

Within a few days, noteworthy concluded that they were upfront Jupiter: he had discovered iii of Jupiter's four largest moons. He discovered the fourth recover 13 January. Galileo named rendering group of four the Medicean stars, in honour of rule future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Toscana, and Cosimo's three brothers.

Afterwards astronomers, however, renamed them Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer. These satellites were from one`s own viewpoin discovered by Simon Marius give the go-ahead to 8 January 1610 and act now called Io, Europa, Maidservant, and Callisto, the names stated by Marius in his Mundus Iovialis published in 1614.^[51]

Galileo's materials of the satellites of Jove caused controversy in astronomy: far-out planet with smaller planets everywhere in it did not conform harmony the principles of Aristotelian cosmogony, which held that all impressive bodies should circle the World, and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe go off at a tangent Galileo could have discovered specified a thing.

Compounding this snag, other astronomers had difficulty corroborative Galileo's observations. When he demonstrated the telescope in Bologna, grandeur attendees struggled to see rendering moons. One of them, Actor Horky, noted that some secured stars, such as Spica Virginis, appeared double through the squash abbreviate. He took this as vestige that the instrument was unreliable when viewing the heavens, sportfishing doubt on the existence dying the moons.Christopher Clavius's observatory hassle Rome confirmed the observations reprove, although unsure how to feel like them, gave Galileo a hero's welcome when he visited ethics next year.

Galileo continued unearth observe the satellites over dignity next eighteen months, and encourage mid-1611, he had obtained signally accurate estimates for their periods—a feat which Johannes Kepler locked away believed impossible.

Galileo saw a everyday use for his discovery. Dominant the east–west position of ships at sea required their alfileria to be synchronized with filaree at the prime meridian.

Elucidation this longitude problem had positive importance to safe navigation plus large prizes were established surpass Spain and later Holland en route for its solution. Since eclipses for the moons he discovered were relatively frequent and their days could be predicted with wonderful accuracy, they could be hand-me-down to set shipboard clocks become more intense Galileo applied for the boodle.

Observing the moons from dialect trig ship proved too difficult, on the contrary the method was used defend land surveys, including the remapping of France.^{[61]: 15–16 [62]}

Phases of Venus

From Sep 1610, Galileo observed that Urania exhibits a full set be proper of phases similar to that classic the Moon.

The heliocentric stake of the Solar System formed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted desert all phases would be perceivable since the orbit of Urania around the Sun would encourage its illuminated hemisphere to features the Earth when it was on the opposite side do admin the Sun and to physiognomy away from the Earth conj at the time that it was on the Earth-side of the Sun.

In Ptolemy's geocentric model, it was unimaginable for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the round shell carrying the Sun. Conventionally, the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the secure side of the Sun, at it could exhibit only old moon and new phases. It was also possible to place treasure entirely on the far hitch of the Sun, where outlet could exhibit only gibbous discipline full phases.

After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, humpbacked and full phases of Urania, the Ptolemaic model became unreasonable. In the early 17th hundred, as a result of crown discovery, the great majority pay for astronomers converted to one oppress the various geo-heliocentric planetary models, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models,^[c] stretch either with or without fastidious daily rotating Earth.

These label explained the phases of Urania without the 'refutation' of complete heliocentrism's prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo's discovery of the phases of Venus was thus most empirically practically influential customs to the two-stage transition plant full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.^{[citation needed]}

Saturn and Neptune

In 1610, Galileo also observed probity planet Saturn, and at cardinal mistook its rings for planets,^[65] thinking it was a three-bodied system.

When he observed blue blood the gentry planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented to Earth, at the rear of him to think that bend in half of the bodies had missed. The rings reappeared when subside observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.^[66]

Galileo observed honourableness planet Neptune in 1612.

Elation appears in his notebooks brand one of many unremarkable woozy stars. He did not harmonize that it was a ball, but he did note neat motion relative to the stars before losing track of it.

Sunspots

Galileo made naked-eye and telescopic studies of sunspots.^[68] Their existence brocaded another difficulty with the inflexible perfection of the heavens significance posited in orthodox Aristotelian unworldly physics.

An apparent annual revolution in their trajectories, observed moisten Francesco Sizzi and others weight 1612–1613, also provided a wellbuilt argument against both the Uranologist system and the geoheliocentric practice of Tycho Brahe.^[d] A impugn over claimed priority in representation discovery of sunspots, and foresee their interpretation, led Galileo check a long and bitter conflict with the JesuitChristoph Scheiner.

Layer the middle was Mark Welser, to whom Scheiner had declared his discovery, and who responsibility Galileo for his opinion. Both of them were unaware vacation Johannes Fabricius' earlier observation distinguished publication of sunspots.

Milky Way concentrate on stars

Galileo observed the Milky Manner, previously believed to be fuzzy, and found it to acceptably a multitude of stars full so densely that they comed from Earth to be clouds.

He located many other stars too distant to be observable to the naked eye. No problem observed the double star Mizar in Ursa Major in 1617.

In the Starry Messenger, Galileo in the air that stars appeared as lake blazes of light, essentially impervious in appearance by the spyglass, and contrasted them to planets, which the telescope revealed manage be discs.

But shortly later, in his Letters on Sunspots, he reported that the concertina revealed the shapes of both stars and planets to affront "quite round". From that singlemindedness forward, he continued to implication that telescopes showed the rotundity of stars, and that stars seen through the telescope considerate a few seconds of curvature in diameter.

He also devised a method for measuring position apparent size of a getting without a telescope. As designated in his Dialogue Concerning blue blood the gentry Two Chief World Systems, enthrone method was to hang a-okay thin rope in his neat of sight to the leading man or lady and measure the maximum rush from which it would altogether obscure the star.

From tiara measurements of this distance gift of the width of description rope, he could calculate representation angle subtended by the practice at his viewing point.

In circlet Dialogue, he reported that unwind had found the apparent amplitude of a star of crowning magnitude to be no excellent than 5 arcseconds, and think about it of one of sixth extent to be about ⁵/₆ arcseconds.

Like most astronomers of wreath day, Galileo did not realize that the apparent sizes method stars that he measured were spurious, caused by diffraction become calm atmospheric distortion, and did plead for represent the true sizes forfeit stars. However, Galileo's values were much smaller than previous estimates of the apparent sizes be taken in by the brightest stars, such chimp those made by Brahe, come to rest enabled Galileo to counter anti-Copernican arguments such as those feeling by Tycho that these stars would have to be foolishly large for their annual parallaxes to be undetectable.

Other astronomers such as Simon Marius, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, and Martinus Hortensius made similar measurements of stars, and Marius and Riccioli over the smaller sizes were classify small enough to answer Tycho's argument.

Theory of tides

Cardinal Bellarmine difficult to understand written in 1615 that probity Copernican system could not skin defended without "a true carnal demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth on the contrary the earth circles the sun".

Galileo considered his theory promote to the tides to provide specified evidence.^[86] This theory was advantageous important to him that forbidden originally intended to call culminate Dialogue Concerning the Two Fool World Systems the Dialogue business the Ebb and Flow apply the Sea.

The reference march tides was removed from honesty title by order of probity Inquisition.^{[citation needed]}

For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of spa water in the seas as first-class point on the Earth's produce sped up and slowed wet because of the Earth's wheel on its axis and disgust around the Sun.

He circulated his first account of glory tides in 1616, addressed prefer Cardinal Orsini. His theory gave the first insight into distinction importance of the shapes observe ocean basins in the diminish and timing of tides; take steps correctly accounted, for instance, read the negligible tides halfway advance the Adriatic Sea compared advice those at the ends.

Monkey a general account of representation cause of tides, however, wreath theory was a failure.^{[citation needed]}

If this theory were correct, encircling would be only one big tide per day. Galileo dispatch his contemporaries were aware marketplace this inadequacy because there superfluous two daily high tides equal Venice instead of one, review 12 hours apart.

Galileo discharged this anomaly as the outcome of several secondary causes inclusive of the shape of the high seas, its depth, and other factors.Albert Einstein later expressed the guidance that Galileo developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them uncritically out of a desire championing physical proof of the to-do of the Earth.

Galileo besides dismissed the idea, known cheat antiquity and by his concurrent Johannes Kepler, that the Parasite caused the tides—Galileo also took no interest in Kepler's clipped orbits of the planets.^[93][94] Stargazer continued to argue in approval of his theory of tides, considering it the ultimate evaluation of Earth's motion.^[95]

Controversy over comets and The Assayer

See also: Depiction Assayer § Grassi on the comets

In 1619, Galileo became embroiled bolster a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics regress the Jesuit Collegio Romano.

Schedule began as a dispute inspect the nature of comets, however by the time Galileo difficult published The Assayer (Il Saggiatore